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Principles of use of amino acids in feed
The addition of amino acids to animal feed plays a crucial role in meeting the protein requirements of livestock and improving overall feed efficiency. In addition to enhancing nutritional value, it can also help reduce stress levels in animals, contributing to better health and productivity. As an essential feed additive, amino acids are highly effective, but their high cost necessitates careful and rational usage to avoid compromising feed quality or causing economic losses.
When purchasing amino acid supplements, it is important to carefully inspect the packaging, appearance, odor, and color of the product. These visual and sensory cues can help identify potential issues or substandard products. Always avoid using any items that appear suspicious or questionable.
Amino acid additives are most commonly used in livestock feed, especially during the early developmental stages of animals. However, ruminants like cattle and sheep have the ability to synthesize various amino acids through microbial activity in their digestive systems, meaning there is no significant difference between limiting and non-limiting amino acids. Therefore, they generally do not require additional amino acid supplements. The effectiveness of chemically synthesized amino acids in aquatic species remains debated, so caution is advised when incorporating such additives into aquaculture feeds.
When formulating feed with amino acids, it is essential to prioritize the first limiting amino acid before considering others. This is because animals have a natural mechanism for utilizing amino acids—once the first limiting amino acid is met, the utilization of subsequent limiting amino acids becomes more efficient. For example, in pigs, lysine is the first limiting amino acid, followed by methionine. In poultry, such as chickens, methionine is the primary limiting amino acid, with lysine being the second.
The amount of amino acid added should be calculated based on its actual effective content and potency. For instance, lysine feed additives are often in the form of L-lysine hydrochloride, which has a purity of 98% or higher. However, the actual L-lysine content is approximately 78%, and its potency is considered 100%. In contrast, DL-lysine has a potency of only 50%.
Similarly, methionine-based additives include DL-methionine, methionine analogs, and N-methylmethionine calcium. DL-methionine typically has a purity of over 98% and a potency of 100%. Methionine analogs have a potency equivalent to 80% of DL-methionine, while N-methylmethionine calcium contains about 67% methionine. Therefore, when using these additives, it's crucial to account for their effective content and potency to ensure proper dosing and avoid both under- and over-supplementation.