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Equipotential bonding
Connect electrical equipment with external conductors to achieve the same or similar potential of electrical connection devices. Surge protectors are one of the major categories for protecting live conductors.
2) Fault classification——
a) Surge Surge occurs a transient overvoltage between the wire and the wire or between the wire and the ground, the time is less than 1ms, the voltage far exceeds the maximum allowable working voltage peak of the device, but it has no working frequency. The cause of the surge is the operating overvoltage caused by a lightning strike or a misoperation of the switch (such as an air switch overcurrent trip).
b) Instantaneous overvoltage (Tranxient Overvoltage TOV)
The instantaneous overvoltage is a fluctuation in a certain area, and the time is relatively long, which can be regarded as between 1ms-20ms.
3) Classification of surge protectors-
a) SPD
The abbreviation of Surge Protection Device, whose function is a device that produces a protection function against surges.
b) Switch (current limiting) SPD
According to the requirements of IEC61312-3, it is generally used in the LPZOB-LPZ1 zone. The lightning protector used in the power system can eliminate the follow-up current of the power grid to the maximum, and guide the simulated lightning surge current of 10 / 350us.
C) Pressure-limiting SPD
According to the requirements of IEC61312-3, lightning protection devices generally used in LPZ1 and LPZ2 zones can reduce the residual voltage on the power grid to a large extent, and guide the simulated lightning impulse current of 8 / 20us.
d) Class surge protector (first level)
Due to the special design, it can withstand the energy of direct lightning and the surge protector that releases part of the direct lightning current. Class e electricity e) surge protector (second level)
A surge protector capable of releasing surges caused by long-distance or conducted lightning strikes and switching transitions.
f) Class surge protector (level 3)
A surge protector designed to protect a single load using a socket.
g) Protection fuse at the front of the surge protector (backup fuse)
Front-end fuses must be installed in front of all surge protectors. If the rating of the fuse in the circuit is higher than the maximum allowable fuse of the surge protector element, the surge protector must select a pre-stage fuse that meets the requirements in series at the front end for protection.
4) Surge protector parameter classification——
a) Maximum continuous working voltage Uc
For a surge protector without a discharge gap inside, the voltage value indicates the maximum allowable power frequency AC root mean square (rms) added across the surge protector. At this voltage, the surge protector must work normally without faults. At the same time, this voltage is continuously loaded on the surge protector, which will not change the operating characteristics of the surge protector.
B) Rated voltage UN
The manufacturer designs the voltage of the device under normal operation. It can be expressed by DC voltage or by the effective value (rms) of sinusoidal AC voltage.
C) Maximum flow rate Imax
There is no substantial damage to SPD. Each line or single module is grounded, and the maximum current peak of a specified number of times and a specified waveform is exceeded. The impact flow capacity is generally greater than 2.5 times the nominal discharge current.
D) Rated discharge current (In) (nominal discharge current)
The peak current value of the 8/20 thunder current waveform of the nominal surge protector when the manufacturer leaves the factory. It is used to classify the class C (level II) surge protector.
e) Pulse impulse current (Iimp)
Standard 10 / 350us lightning current analog waveform, main parameters:
* Current peak * Electric power * Specific energy It is a waveform simulating direct lightning strike in nature. Class B lightning strike arrester must be able to withstand multiple shocks with proper lightning current without damage.
f) Voltage protection level Up
Before the surge protector is triggered, the highest instantaneous voltage value appearing at both ends of it. The table on page 19 of this book lists the requirements for the protection voltage levels of various devices that meet the DIN VDE0110-1 (04/97) standard and the corresponding protection level voltages for OBO products.
G) When the residual voltage lightning discharge current passes through the SPD, the voltage present between its terminals appears.
h) 100% lightning pulse clamping voltage Lightning strike pulse clamping voltage Lightning strike Under the impact of 1.2 / 50us lightning pulse voltage waveform, the operating voltage of the surge protector, in this voltage wave test, the surge protector Ten impacts, the protector must act.
I) Rated frequency (fn)
Frequency designed by the manufacturer under normal operation j) Response time (tA)
In essence, the response time is determined by the characteristics of the components used inside the surge protector. The reaction time may be limited due to the steepness of du / dt (voltage rise rate) of surge voltage or di / dt (current rise rate) of surge current.
K) The short-circuit withstand strength surge protector must be disconnected by an overcurrent protection device that depends on an external or internal circuit breaker or circuit. The short-circuit current (such as a fuse or circuit breaker) that can withstand before the short-circuit is interrupted will interrupt the current.
l) Follow-up current (If)
After the surge protector is discharged, the current flowing through it depends on different power grids. The subsequent current is a continuous open circuit current. Its size is related to the distance from the surge protector to the transformer and the transformer capacity.
m) Transmission frequency The frequency at which the insertion loss of a surge protector on a communication line is <3dB.
5) Lightning protection classification of buildings——
a) Lightning protection system (LPS)
It is a general name for all systems of lightning protection in buildings or houses, including external lightning protection systems and internal lightning protection systems.
B) Lightning strike protection zone (LPZ) 
Explanation of Lightning Protection Related Terms
1) Equipotential connection