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Technical principle of supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction and separation
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-COâ‚‚) extraction is a modern separation technique that leverages the unique properties of COâ‚‚ when it is in its supercritical state. This state occurs when both temperature and pressure exceed the critical point, allowing COâ‚‚ to exhibit characteristics of both gases and liquids. In this condition, SC-COâ‚‚ acts as an excellent solvent for various compounds, making it highly effective for extracting specific components from complex mixtures.
During the process, the supercritical fluid comes into contact with the material being processed. Depending on factors such as polarity, boiling point, and molecular weight, different components are selectively dissolved and carried away by the fluid. The extracted substances can be collected at different pressure levels, and by adjusting the pressure and temperature, the composition of the extract can be optimized. Once the desired compounds are separated, the COâ‚‚ is depressurized and heated, returning to a gaseous state, while the extracted materials precipitate out, enabling efficient separation and purification.
SC-CO₂ is considered a fourth state of matter, distinct from solid, liquid, and gas. It has low intermolecular forces like a gas, but high density similar to a liquid. This dual nature allows it to penetrate materials effectively, dissolve a wide range of compounds, and move through the system quickly. Additionally, because it doesn’t leave behind residues or toxic solvents, it’s a clean and environmentally friendly option for industrial and pharmaceutical applications.
Compared to traditional methods like solvent extraction and distillation, SC-COâ‚‚ combines the advantages of both. By adjusting pressure and temperature, the solubility of the fluid can be precisely controlled, allowing for selective extraction. The process can operate at near ambient temperatures, which is ideal for heat-sensitive substances. Its low viscosity and high diffusion coefficient also lead to faster extraction rates and better mass transfer compared to conventional solvents.
Overall, supercritical COâ‚‚ extraction is not only efficient and selective but also sustainable and safe, making it a preferred choice in many modern industries.
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