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High temperature bearing steel function
High temperature bearing steel plays a crucial role in applications where standard bearing materials fail due to elevated operating temperatures. Bearings used in environments exceeding 150°C are typically classified as high-temperature bearings. At such temperatures, conventional chrome bearing steels experience a significant drop in hardness, leading to instability and potential failure. To address this, special tempering processes are employed, usually at a temperature 50°C higher than the operational range. This treatment allows the bearing components to maintain their structural integrity and functionality under high-temperature conditions.
However, even after proper tempering, the hardness of the steel decreases slightly, which can reduce the bearing's lifespan. When the operating temperature surpasses 250°C, it becomes necessary to use specialized high-temperature bearing steel. These materials are designed not only to perform like regular bearing steels but also to retain essential properties such as high-temperature hardness, wear resistance, fatigue strength, oxidation resistance, impact resistance, and dimensional stability.
Common types of high-temperature bearing steels include molybdenum-based grades like Cr4Mo4V, Crl5Mo4, 9Cr18Mo, and Cr14Mo4, as well as tungsten-based steels such as W9Cr4V2Mo and W18Cr4V. Tungsten-molybdenum alloys like W6Mo5Cr4V2 are also widely used. These steels form insoluble carbides at high temperatures, which help maintain hardness and performance through secondary hardening during tempering. They offer excellent resistance to oxidation, fatigue, and deformation, making them ideal for extreme conditions.
For bearings subjected to heavy impact loads, high-temperature carburized steels are often preferred. One example is 12Cr2Ni3Mo5, which has a low carbon content (around 0.15%) and offers good machinability, forgeability, and impact resistance. It performs well under carburizing conditions up to 430°C and enhances the service life of the bearing. Another advanced option is H10Cr4Mo4Ni4VA, considered one of the best high-temperature carburized bearing steels currently available, although it comes at a higher cost.
When temperatures exceed 500°C, conventional high-temperature bearing steels may no longer suffice. In such cases, cobalt-based or nickel-based superalloys, as well as ceramic materials, are more suitable due to their superior thermal stability and mechanical strength.
High-temperature bearings are commonly found in critical applications such as jet engines, gas turbines, nuclear reactors, X-ray tube tungsten discs, and aerospace systems. Their ability to function reliably under extreme heat makes them indispensable in modern engineering and industrial environments.
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