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Introduction of four commonly used hormonal herbicides
There are currently four primary categories of hormonal herbicides being produced:
Firstly, there are the phenoxycarboxylic acid compounds like 2,4-D butyl ester and 2-methyl-4-chloride sodium. These act similarly to indoleacetic acid. In small amounts, 2,4-D butyl ester can even stimulate plant growth. However, at higher concentrations, it inhibits the differentiation of meristematic tissues, halts elongation growth, and encourages lateral growth, causing swelling in roots and stems. This ultimately blocks the tissue, leading to plant death.
Secondly, we have benzoic acid varieties such as bromoxynil and dicamba. They too mimic the effects of indole acetic acid, stopping apical growth and leaf formation while causing abnormal tissue proliferation and plant deformities.
Thirdly, there are quinoline carboxylic acid compounds including quinclorac, bismuth chlorpyrifos, and chloroquinoline potassium. These effectively boost ethylene biosynthesis, leading to an accumulation of abscisic acid. This results in reduced stomatal opening, decreased water evaporation, lower carbon dioxide intake, and slower overall plant growth. Notably, quinclorac works well on valerian, whereas chloroquinoline potassium is effective against swine fever.
Lastly, there are thiazole carboxylic acid compounds like glufosinate. Once applied, these chemicals are absorbed through the leaves and distributed throughout the plant. Signs of weed poisoning include stunted growth, thickened and curled leaves, twisted new leaves, shortened internodes, and eventual death. The process is faster in warmer conditions and slower when temperatures are cooler.
While chemical herbicides are powerful tools for agriculture, they come with environmental concerns. For this reason, many are turning towards biological pesticides as a more sustainable alternative. Biological pesticides harness natural processes and organisms to control pests and weeds. For instance, certain fungi and bacteria can be used to target specific pests without harming beneficial insects or contaminating the soil. Research into these methods is ongoing, and while still developing, they hold significant promise for future farming practices.